Another phenomenon of gay and lesbian publishing in the 1990s, at least on the fringes, was the emergence of the "'zines," cheaply printed, often confrontational, frequently semipornographic magazines directed toward young gay and lesbian readers. Some are produced through desktop publishing and distributed haphazardly through bookstores in urban centers. Among these 'zines are My Comrade/Sister!, Shrimp, and Lavender Godzilla.

Backspace, founded in 1992 and published from Somerville, Massachusetts, describes itself as "An alternative Zine for the Lesbian, Gay & Bisexual Community." A good example of desktop publishing, Backspace includes poetry, fiction, and commentary from lesbian, gay, and bisexual writers. Bar 'zines like New York's Homo Xtra and Next and Los Angeles's Planet Homo have achieved significant popularity.

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Gay and Lesbian Glossy Magazines

At the other end of the publishing spectrum, glossy magazines such as Genre and Out have recently emerged. Genre focuses on interests and trends important to gay men, whereas Out attempts to appeal to both gay men and lesbians. Both magazines target affluent consumers and feature profiles of successful and uncloseted gay men and lesbians, book reviews, and articles on fashion, travel, and politics.

They attract advertisers as diverse as American Express, Absolut Vodka, Diesel Jeans, and Apple Computers. As gays and lesbians have become more visible, their buying power has also gained more notice. The new willingness of advertisers to support gay and lesbian magazines may be a tangible sign of the increased acceptability of homosexuality in American life.

Another new glossy publication also is a sign of the times: POZ, a literate and lively magazine about life with AIDS, directed toward all people whose lives have been affected by the epidemic, which is in fact just about everybody.

Similarly, A&U Magazine, established in 1991 as Art & Understanding, serves as a forum for the creative responses of those living with HIV and AIDS, as well as their peers, caregivers, families, and loved ones. Created for the HIV-affected community, its readership is diverse, ranging from artists and intellectuals to medical workers and civic leaders.

Although largely invisible to the general public, a large body of twentieth-century gay male literature by American authors was published prior to Stonewall, some of it positive but most of it tinged with misery or bleakness as the price of being published and disseminated.

After Stonewall, gay male literature became focused as a movement, aided by the development of gay newspapers, magazines, and quarterlies and the founding of serious gay and lesbian bookstores.

American lesbian literature prior to Stonewall exploited the "outlaw" status of the lesbian as it moved from encrypted strategies of expression to overt political celebrations of woman-for-woman passion.

Since Stonewall various political agendas have dominated American lesbian literature.

The contemporary literary awards given specifically to honor glbtq books may be seen as an outgrowth of the modern American gay rights movement, so intertwined are they with the movement for equality.

Since the 1960s, Canadian gay and lesbian writers have produced a vibrant body of fiction, nonfiction, drama, and poetry.

Since the advent of the Internet, lesbians, gay men, and sexual and gender nonconformists of all kinds have been able to use a variety of computer-mediated communications to meet and network both on- and offline.

Appealing to glbtq people who enjoy romantic fantasy, the queer romance novel has recently come into its own.

Slash fiction refers to a genre of fan writing that imagines homoerotic bonds developing between the leads of a variety of "cult" mainstream media productions, including television shows and films.

Best known as editor of the early twentieth-century literary journal The Little Review, Margaret Anderson also published a frank lesbian novel and a three-volume autobiography.

James Barr is the pseudonym under which James Fugaté published the popular novel Quatrefoil (1950) and other works, and which he used as an activist in the homophile movement of the 1950s.

André Baudry, as leader of the French homophile movement from the early 1950s into the 1980s, was the principal spokesman for homosexuals in France before the rise of gay liberation in the 1970s.

Editor, photographer, and activist, Adolf Brand was the leader of a faction of the early German homosexual emancipation movement whose cultural views were expressed in Der Eigene (The Self-Owner), the first homosexual literary and artistic journal.

American activist and academic Charlotte Bunch is a key player in the movement for international human rights for women.

Controversial writer Dennis Cooper is best known for his series of strikingly original, critically acclaimed, albeit transgressive and contentious, novels exploring the nature of sexual obsession, alienation, brutality, and death.

The first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States, the Daughters of Bilitis was a significant part of the pre-Stonewall lesbian and gay rights movement.

Funnyman Frank DeCaro has found success both in serious journalism as a fashion writer and editor and in comedy as a writer, performer, and radio talk show host.

One of Canada's first gay activists, Jim Egan began demanding respect and equal rights in the late 1940s; in his later years he mounted a challenge to Canada's law on spousal retirement benefits.

Award-winning Harvey Fierstein is one of the finest gay male playwrights currently working in the American theater.

Writer and editor Katherine V. Forrest has played a major role in bringing lesbian fiction to the forefront of the mystery and science fiction genres.

The network of independent gay and lesbian bookstores that arose in the 1970s served as incubators for the literary and cultural development of the modern gay rights movement in the United States and abroad.

Publisher David Goodstein transformed The Advocate into the leading American gay newsmagazine.

As bibliographer, reviewer, collector, editor, and co-founder of Naiad Press, Barbara Grier has been an important nurturer of lesbian literature.

In his novels and short stories, plays, and critical writings, Richard Hall focused almost exclusively on issues of gay identity and community.

The novelist Bertha Harris has been involved in creating what has been called a "new lesbian fiction."

German-born Magnus Hirschfeld deserves recognition as a significant theorist of sexuality and the most prominent advocate of homosexual emancipation of his time.

The pseudonymous Andrew Holleran has placed his homosexuality at the center of his commercially and critically successful novels.

The prolific and pseudonymous writer Gary Indiana may be best known for his three-novel series based on real-life crimes that explores the way victims and criminals alike are often distorted and exploited by the mass media.

Editor and author Dale Jennings was a pioneer of the American gay rights movement, one of the co-founders of both the Mattachine Society and ONE, Inc.

One of the founding fathers of the American gay rights movement, Frank Kameny helped radicalize the homophile movement, preparing the way for the mass movement for equality initiated by the Stonewall Riots of 1969.

Jim Kepner was both a pioneering gay journalist and a homophile activist who founded the International Gay and Lesbian Archives.

The work of African-American activist and writer Audre Lord was greatly influenced by her lesbianism.

Writer Paula Martinac's career has been devoted to exploring and documenting the place that lesbians occupy in society, history, and the family.

Swiss actor, cabaret performer, and stage director Karl Meier was, under the pseudonym "Rolf," editor of Der Kreis, the leading European homophile publication, from 1943 until its demise in 1967.

Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in the United States, was assassinated in San Francisco's City Hall, making him the American gay liberation movement's most visible martyr.

In her own works, Cherríe Moraga defines her experience as a Chicana lesbian; and in her capacity as editor/publisher, she provides a forum for traditionally silenced lesbians of color.

Best known for his four volumes of short fiction comprising a series of interconnected stories about gay life in New York City, Ethan Mordden is also the author of novels and over twenty works of nonfiction on opera, film, and musical theater.

Publishers Stathis Orphanos and Ralph Sylvester, partners in life as well as business, are best known for their beautifully produced limited edition books; in addition, Orphanos is acclaimed for his photographs of celebrities and male nudes.

A prolific writer and respected teacher, Sheila Ortiz-Taylor has bracketed her career with groundbreaking achievements.

The frequently outrageous cultural commentary and caustic criticism of Camille Paglia have made her both famous and controversial.

One of France's leading lesbian theorists and political activists, Geneviève Pastre is a writer and publisher who has made lesbian feminism the root of her political and literary work.

Though dealing forthrightly with lesbian and gay subjects, the novels and criticism of Jane Rule are deliberately nonpolitical in their commitment to diverse communities and a range of experiences.

Best known for his syndicated sex-advice column, Dan Savage is also the author of books chronicling his and his partner's experiences in adopting a child and dealing with the issue of same-sex marriage

Swiss writer and photojournalist Annemarie Schwarzenbach documented social conditions from Afghanistan to Alabama; her fiction reflected the tormented attachments and recurring loneliness that plagued her short lifetime.

Randy Shilts pioneered as an openly gay journalist in the 1970s and 1980s and was an astute interpreter of the various issues affecting American gay men and lesbians.

Michelangelo Signorile is a prolific, and often provocative, writer and activist whose books and articles, radio show, newspaper columns, and website champion the cause of glbtq rights.

An early leader in the struggle for glbtq rights, Los Angeles activist Don Slater was sometimes at odds with others in the movement but never wavered in his devotion to the cause.

Social and political commentator Andrew Sullivan has established himself as an influential participant in Anglo-American political discourse.

The multifaceted Gore Vidal is important in the gay literary heritage because of the straightforwardness with which he has pursued gay themes and included gay characters in his work.

Activist and editor Anna Vock pioneered in organizing lesbians and gay men in Switzerland in the 1930s.

Jann Wenner, founder and editor of the influential music and culture magazine Rolling Stone, was outed in 1995.

One of the most prominent and highly acclaimed figures of contemporary gay literature, Edmund White works in many distinct categories of fiction and nonfiction.

A pioneer in the development of contemporary gay theater, Doric Wilson has been instrumental in Off-Off-Broadway theater in New York City since the early 1960s.

Throughout her varied career as a writer, editor, teacher, and performance artist, Terry Wolverton has consistently worked to document glbtq history and increase the visibility of the community.

Passionate friendships with women were essential to the life and work of novelist Virginia Woolf.