Also of interest are Robert Bentley's Here There Be Dragons (1972), an excellent espionage thriller; Terry Miller's Standing By (1984), a mystery set in the New York theater world; and Russell A. Brown's Sherlock Holmes and the Mysterious Friend of Oscar Wilde (1988), a clever pastiche set in Victorian London.

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Finally, Michael Nava has edited a fine collection of gay mystery short stories, Finale (1989).

Conclusion

The mystery novel is a logical and appropriate vehicle for gay writers, especially in the United States. Beginning with the hard-boiled school in the 1920s, its politics have often been radical and it has been a mirror of social change. It has a tradition of pitting the outlaw against the establishment and, eventually, of redefining society in such a way that the outsider can find a useful and secure place within it.

The gay mystery novel, like its straight counterpart, is multifaceted, ranging from often bumbling amateur sleuthing to shrewdly observed police procedurals, from light escapism to the serious study of character. But in all of its manifestations, it serves as an important step toward the integration of gays into the American social fabric as human beings worthy of interest, compassion, and respect.

Although most lesbian mystery fiction reflects a political stance, the most effective lesbian crime novels have been those that have most enthusiastically embraced the need to entertain the reader.

One of the most accomplished poets of the twentieth century, W. H. Auden found that his gayness led him to new insights into the universal impulse to love and enlarged his understanding of all kinds of relationships.

Canadian novelist Anthony Bidulka, author of the Russell Quant detective series, creates mysteries that skirt the dark side of detective fiction through humor and emotional buoyancy.

In the Divine Comedy Dante treats male homosexuality first as violence against God and then more sympathetically as merely one of the kinds of love.

An important organization of the early post-Stonewall era, the Gay Activists Alliance, which flourished from 1969 to 1974, strove to give gay men and lesbians visibility in American politics.

In his novels and short stories, plays, and critical writings, Richard Hall focused almost exclusively on issues of gay identity and community.

Best known as the author of the Dave Brandstetter mystery series, Hansen also published a considerable body of nonmystery fiction and poetry, most of it dominated by homosexual characters and themes.

Acclaimed mystery writer Patricia Highsmith is the author of one explicitly lesbian novel, as well as the popular series featuring the amoral bisexual Tom Ripley.

Mystery writer Michael Nava has increasingly been recognized as an important novelist whose mature work transcends the limited expectations of a popular and highly specialized genre.

Now best known for his highly successful mystery novels set in ancient Rome, Steven Saylor began his writing career by publishing erotica under the pen-name Aaron Travis.

In addition to becoming--with Alice B. Toklas--half of an iconic lesbian couple, Gertrude Stein was an important innovator and transformer of the English language.

The multifaceted Gore Vidal is important in the gay literary heritage because of the straightforwardness with which he has pursued gay themes and included gay characters in his work.

John Morgan Wilson is best known today as the author of a gay male mystery series featuring a flawed and often exasperating amateur detective named Benjamin Justice.