Actor and playwright Charles Ludlam (1943-1987) was an innovator in the "Theater of the Ridiculous." He used elements of camp, farce, and drag in deliberately outrageous plays and performances that skewered the cultural expectations of heterosexuals and the pretensions of the avant garde.
By 1991, Ludlam's The Mystery of Irma Vep (1984), a spoof of Gothic horror films, had become one of America's most frequently produced plays.