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| Separatism
For example, in 1971 the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) introduced a bill to the New York City Council that was designed to protect homosexuals from discrimination. Although drag queens such as Silvia Rivera were active supporters of the GAA, the authors of the bill excluded transgendered people from its protection. This led transgender activists to break away from GAA and form their own organizations. One of the most important pieces of anti-discriminatory legislation has been the proposed federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA). Although transgender activists worked on the bill's wording with its congressional sponsors and with members of the lesbian and gay community, due to concerns by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) trans-inclusive language was removed shortly before the bill was introduced in Congress in 1994. Thus, while the bill asked for protections based on sexual orientation, it lacked any language that would provide workplace rights for transgendered people. Similar exclusionary practices also occurred at the state level during the mid-1990s. For instance, in 1995 transgender activists in Oregon were dismayed to learn that their lesbian and gay colleagues had excised trans-inclusive provisions from a bill at the last minute. In response, transgender activists spent the late 1990s lobbying HRC and other lesbian and gay organizations to reconsider their exclusion of transgendered people in policy formation. These efforts resulted in an increase in transgender inclusivity, and in 2003 ENDA was finally modified by its sponsors to cover transgendered people.
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social sciences >> Overview: Anti-discrimination Statutes and Ordinances social sciences >> Overview: Bisexuality social sciences >> Overview: Bisexual Movements social sciences >> Overview: Cross-Dressing arts >> Overview: Music Festivals arts >> Overview: Music: Women's social sciences >> Overview: Parades and Marches social sciences >> Overview: Patriarchy arts >> Overview: Sports: Transgender Issues social sciences >> Overview: Transgender Activism social sciences >> Overview: Women's Liberation Movement social sciences >> Daly, Mary social sciences >> Daughters of Bilitis social sciences >> Gay Activists Alliance arts >> Gay Games social sciences >> Prince, Virginia Charles social sciences >> Rivera, Sylvia social sciences >> Stonewall Riots
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| Bibliography | ||
Adam, Barry. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Bullough, Vern, and Bonnie Bullough. Cross Dressing, Sex, and Gender. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993. Califia, Pat. Sex Changes: The Politics of Transgenderism. San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1997. Rudy, Kathy. "Radical Feminism, Lesbian Separatism, and Queer Theory." Feminist Studies 27.1 (Spring 2001): 191-222. Seidman, Steven. The Social Construction of Sexuality. New York: Norton, 2003.
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| Citation Information | ||||
| Author: | Matzner, Andrew | |||
| Entry Title: | Separatism | |||
| General Editor: | Claude J. Summers | |||
| Publication Name: | glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian,
Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |
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| Publication Date: | 2004 | |||
| Date Last Updated | April 18, 2005 | |||
| Web Address | www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/separatism.html | |||
| Publisher | glbtq, Inc. 1130 West Adams Chicago, IL 60607 |
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| Today's Date | ||||
| Encyclopedia Copyright: | © 2002-2006, glbtq, Inc. | |||
| Entry Copyright | © 2004, glbtq, inc. | |||
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